The First World War Essay Example

The First World War Essay The First World War which began in 1914 and ended in 1918 engaged more nations and produced greater destruction as compared to any other war in recorded history besides the Second World War (Roberts 265; Williamson 485).   An assassin’s bullet fired the battle and a system of military alliances drove the central European powers into the battlefront.   Each side anticipated immediate triumph.   However, it took four years for the war to finally draw to a close as it cost the lives of virtually 10 million troops (Roberts 265; BBC News; Williamson 485).Several developments directed to the cruel violence of the Great War, as the First World War was formerly known (Roberts 265; Williamson 485).   War plants continued manufacturing large quantities of newly invented weaponries which can cause extraordinary destruction.   Military conscription created larger defense forces than ever before, and great patriotism made several men commit to a cause they were ready to risk thei r lives for.   Propaganda brought about support for the battle by making the opponent appear villainous.Origins of the First World WarThe assassination of Austria-Hungary Archduke Francis Ferdinand happened on the 28th day of June 1914 at the country’s Bosnia province capital (Roberts 265; BBC News; Williamson 485).   Gavrilo Princip, the assassin is associated with a terrorist group in Serbia, which is now part of the present Yugoslavia (Roberts 265).   Austria-Hungary accused the Serbian government as the mastermind of the assassination.   It took the opportunity to enter into conflict with Serbia and resolve an old dispute.The archduke’s assassination ignited the First World War.   However, it had can also draw its roots in the development of the 1800’s.   Its main causes were a system of military alliances, the race for colonies, the build-up of military power, and the rise of nationalism.Role of ImperialismThe European countries shaped practical ly the entire Africa and much of Asia into colonies by the 1800’s until the earlier part of 1900’s (Roberts 266).   The competition for colonies was ignited by the rising industrialization of Europe.   Colonies provided European countries with opportunities for investment, markets for manufactured goods, and raw materials for factories. However, the race for colonies damaged relations between European nations.   Clashes between opposing powers broke out practically every year.Role of MilitarismAn increase in military power took place among European nations prior to the start of the First World War.   Nationalism promoted public support for military upsurges as well as for a nation’s employment of force to attain its objectives.   Germany had the best-trained defense force the world has ever known during the latter part of the 1800’s (Duff).   It depended on a military conscription of all physically fit young men to improve the strength and exp and the size of its peacetime defense force.   Other European nations chased their lead and built-up their existing armed forces.Initially, Great Britain remained indifferent concerning the military upsurge being done by Germany.   As an island country, it depended on its naval forces for protection – and it had the strongest naval forces in the world at that time.   However, Germany started to form a naval force huge enough to challenge the British naval force in 1898 (Williamson 485).Role of NationalismA century prior to the outset of the First World War, Europe prevented major wars from happening. Even though small wars took place, only few nations were actually involved in the warfare.   However, a force came to the European continent in 1800’s and erupted into a war (Roberts 266; BBC News; Williamson 485).   Such force is otherwise known as nationalism.   The principle behind nationalism is that loyalty to an individual’s country as well as to i ts economic and political ambitions is more important than any other public duty (Roberts 266; Strikwerda 1138).   The exaggerated manifestation of loyalty raised the chances of war since one country’s objectives unavoidably came into contact with that of the others.   Moreover, patriotism caused countries to blow up minor conflicts into major problems.   Consequently, it could lead to a threat of waging a war over nations in dispute.Nationalism destabilized the empires of Ottoman Turkey, Russia, and Austria-Hungary in Eastern Europe.   These empires led many national groups who cried for independence.   Tensions between national groups were particularly tense in the Southern European peninsula in Balkan.   The Balkan Peninsula, otherwise known as the â€Å"Power Keg of Europe† is where conflicts which threatened to provoke a major warfare took place (Williamson 485).   The Ottoman Empire constituted the majority of the Balkans.   The nations who gained independence beginning in 1821 until 1913 were Greece, followed by Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania, respectively (Williamson 485).   Each nation argued with each other over the subject of borders.   Russia and Austria-Hungary also capitalized on the Ottoman Empire’s failure to spread its influence in the Balkans.Competition for power over the Balkans augmented the conflicts which led to the eruption of the First World War.   Serbia headed a movement to unify the Slavs in the region.   It gained the support of the most powerful Slavic nation, Russia.   However, Austria-Hungary dreaded Slavic nationalism, which caused instability to its empire.   Austria-Hungary seriously provoked Serbia in 1908 when it added Bosnia and Herzegovina, a Balkan territory to its empire (Williamson 485).   Since many Serbs lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia wanted to gain control of the territory.Role of Great Power PoliticsIn the span of weeks following Archdu ke Francis Ferdinand’s assassination, the major European powers were dragged into the First World War.   A few efforts were exerted to avert the warfare.   Great Britain, for instance, suggested an international conference to stop the conflict.   However, Germany turned down the proposal, arguing that the conflict concerned only Serbia and Austria-Hungary (BBC News).   Yet, Germany attempted to prevent the conflict from spreading.   Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany advised his cousin, Russia’s Czar Nicholas II not to set off (Roberts 267; Williamson 486).Russia had originally withdrawn its support for its ally Serbia.   Austria-Hungary had provoked Serbia by attacking Bosnia and Hercegovina in 1908, and Russia had receded (Williamson 486).   Russia pledged to support Serbia in 1914 Roberts 267).   Russia initially obtained a pledge of support from France.   In addition, at that time, the czar permitted plots to mobilize among the German boundary.   Russ ia declared on the 30th day of July 1914 that it would completely set off (Roberts 267; Williamson 485).On the 1st day of August 1914, Germany entered into conflict with Russia to counter the latter’s mobilization (Williamson 485).   Two days after, Germany waged war against France.   The defense forces of Germany invaded Belgium as it headed for France.   The attack of neutral Belgium triggered Britain to enter into conflict with Germany on the 4th day of August (Roberts 265).   When the war finally drew to a close in November 1918, only a few portions of the world was kept neutral.Role of the Alliance SystemPrior to the outset of the First World War, a sense of security was provided to the European powers by the system of military alliances.   A nation attempted to prevent an assault from its opponents by engaging in a military alliance with one or more nations.   In the event of an assault, the aforementioned agreement assured that other members of the alliance would rescue the nation in danger or to the very least, not to take sides.Even while military alliance granted protection for a nation, the system at the same time formed threats.   As a result of its alliance, a nation could possibly trust to chance its dealings with other nations, something that it would reluctantly engage in without the guarantee of support from its allies.   In times of war, the alliance system required that a number of countries would engage in a battle besides the two who are originally engaged in conflict.   Alliances could push a nation to enter into conflict against another country it had no disagreement with or on a matter it had not concern about at all.   Moreover, the conditions of many alliances remained undisclosed.   The confidentiality increased the possibilities that a nation might mistakenly estimate the costs of the actions it takes.Major Players, Individuals, and EventsArchduke Francis Ferdinand’s assassination sparked the outb reak of the First World War.   However, historians take into account that the war had deep-seated roots.   The war resulted primarily from the development of great national pride amongst diverse European peoples, the establishment of military alliances, a competition for colonies, and a huge expansion of the European defense forces.   At the outset of the war, Russia, Great Britain, and France – collectively known as the Allies supported Serbia (Williamson 485).   The Allies were in opposition with the Central Powers which constitutes Germany and Austria-Hungary (Roberts 265).   Other countries eventually form an alliance with either the Central Powers or the Allies.The War shaping Society, Technology, and WarfareThe First World War resulted in substantial transformation in society.   The loss of many young lives impacted France more than any other nation.   Their population declined in 1920’s due to a low birth rate (Strikwerda 1138).   Millions of peo ple were displaced because of the conflict.   There are those who left their homes laid waste by the war and soon discover their villages, farms, and houses similarly shattered.   Some became refugees because of the changes in leaderships and national boundaries, particularly in Eastern and Central Europe (Strikwerda 1138).When Germany decided to become a major sea power, it turned out to be Great Britain’s bitter rival.   The British naval forces launched its maiden and modern battleship, Dreadnought in 1906 (Roberts 265).   The heavily equipped battleship had superior military capability as compared to any other ship that ever existed during that time.   For this reason, Germany, on its end, hurriedly developed ships resembling the Dreadnought.Technological advances, particularly the techniques, materials, and tools for industrialization augmented the destructive power of the armed forces.   Machine guns as well as other newly developed weapons fired more swiftl y and more accurately as compared to the previous military hardware.   Railways and steamships could accelerate the transfer of equipment and troops.   During the late 1800’s, technology has already made it possible for nations to wage longer battles as well as endure greater damages than they have ever done in the past (Duff).   In spite of that, military experts maintained that future conflicts would be shorter.The First World War produced results that no one from the feuding nations had predicted.   It aided in overthrowing emperors from Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary.   The peace treaties following the war established new nations out of the overthrown powers.   It left Europe depleted, in no way able to reclaim its influential position in the world affairs as it previously had before the war began.   The peace settlement also produced situations which thrust the world into another major war.

Art Histroy... compare and contrast.. two art works.. essays

Art Histroy... compare and contrast.. two art works.. essays The Nineteenth Century European Paintings and Sculpture Galleries Van Gogh, Flowering Orchard (56.13), Annenberg Van Gogh Gallery Monet, The Four Trees (29.100.110), Annenberg Monet Gallery Visual perception is a function of our eyes and brain. We see images as a whole rather then in parts. However, images can be broken into their visual elements: line, shape, texture, and color. These elements are to images as grammars are to languages. They, together, allow our eyes to see images and our brain to recognize those objects. In this compare and contrast essay between the Works of Vincent Van Gogh and Claude Monet French-born Post-Impressionist painter, Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) and the French, Claude Monet (1840-1926), both painted vibrant and expressive paintings during the twentieth-century. In this case, the chosen paintings are Van Gogh "Flowering Orchard", 1888 and Monet "The Four Trees", 1891. Both of these compositions are painting. Nothing is of more importance than the Flowering orchard. The orchard in Van Goghs painting, dominated by the rich, red-brown tree growing in the foreground, reaching out and upward with delicate searching branches. All of which give the flowering orchard an emerald expanse of grass carpeting the ground expression. In Monets case, the four trees were created solely with the use of layered similar colors close to each other. and a very random synthetist outline technique (a similar technique the post-impressionist painter Gaugin used). Modigliani outlines his figure moreso in black than Villon. Mme. Fulgence's age is understood by the strong dynamic colour quality that has been used to break her face apart. In a way, these colourful divisions act as wrinkles. For instance, the chunk of layered pink on her lip creates a scowl and the heavily applied white on her nose helps it to seem upright; a 'snobbish' upturn. Colours such as the oran ge, have been used to highlight her l...

History of Art and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Art and Technology - Essay Example Ideas that come from it are formulated by one’s reaction to the changing of sceneries as the vehicle moves from one point to another. This experience can only be felt by the person being transported, by the passenger. For one who sees a vehicle passing by, the vehicle itself is nothing but a mobile speck in seemingly still scenery. For the cargo forwarder or the airline staff, whose job is to ensure the delivery of things and people to another location, the vehicle is a means for completing a service or a business process. Therefore, their impression of the vehicle is nothing more but practical and mechanical. The philosophers and the more introspective artists have a higher degree of appreciation with a vehicle ride. For the philosophizing passenger, who seats by window of a vehicle and watches the changes of the scenery outside happening in rapid succession, a vehicle provides him something more than just a travel through space and time. As he absorbs the sight in his mind, he also transports himself from the real sensible world to one that is fictitious or surreal. What he sees are real but the quickness of the changes does not allow him to grasp fully its reality. With portions after portions only of what is real absorbed in his mind, it becomes convenient for him to create his own imaginary world. This paper provides a description and analyses of what the airline passenger or experiences as he takes a flight from an airport to another. This experience is presented in the form of an analogy to the airplane’s ten-point manual. Each point of the manual shall be the basis of the description for what the passenger notices and absorbs as he is transported. An airplane provides the passenger the sensations of being in â€Å"a relatively inert body traversing the world at high speed.† (Morse 109) This mode of transportation, however, is often the preference of

Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Question - Assignment Example According to Fryberg et al., the negative impacts of exposure to the images of American Indians can be linked with their relative invisibility in the present American Indian society in the United States (216). Further, the researchers discovered in their study that American Indian mascots and other dominant representations of the Indian community in America have no positive relationships for positive construction of the identity of American Indian students. The authors present previous studies postulating that â€Å"American Indian mascots have harmful psychological consequences for the group that is caricaturized by the mascots† (216). Stereotypes usually culminate in negative impacts on self-esteem, identity and social dimension of minority groups. Many researchers have identified stereotyping as a major blow to people’s self-esteem, thus American Indian mascot images together with other dominant representations of the American Indian community may be accused of the low self-esteem and thwart identity construction of invisible American Indians. The negative consequence of American Indian mascots emanates from the fact that there are often few alternate American Indians, thus they suffice for generalizations made about the entire American Indian society. Fryberg, Stephanie A., Hazel Rose Markus, Daphna Oyserman, and Joseph M. Stone. "Of warrior chiefs and Indian princesses: The psychological consequences of American Indian mascots." Basic and Applied Social Psychology 30.3 (2008):

Reader's Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reader's Response - Essay Example Her new house is in a squalid neighborhood that she is embarrassed of. Because of her house, her race and culture are more defined and the more she is shameful of it. However, Esperanza realizes that her identity is her own doing. After being raped, she resolves to free herself from her house, but not completely enough to forget its role in shaping her identity. â€Å"Everyday Use† uses the quilt as a symbol of the interconnectedness of traditions through the people who believe in its validity through lived experiences. The quilt stands for rural tradition that only Maggie understands. Like the quilt, Maggie and Mama have not changed at all, and they are happy with their simple rural life. Dee rejects this everyday use of their cultural artifacts: â€Å"[Maggie] probably be backward enough to put [the quilts] to everyday use† (Walker). Mama believes that she knows better, when she gives the quilts to Maggie. To use it every day is what their traditions are. Traditions are meant to be experienced and not hidden in a museum. Nathaniel Hawthorne studies the loss of innocence in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† through the symbol of pink ribbons. These pink ribbons stand for the innocence of his wife and the purity of the church. Because of his dreams in the woods, the pink ribbons have turned into tools of deception. His dreams shook his faith and destroyed its pink ribbons that he once believed in. These symbols show how objects can be related to human issues and beliefs. A house can mean isolation and redemption. A pink ribbon reflects both innocence and delusion. A quilt stands for interconnection and traditions. Thus, these symbols acquire significance because these authors embedded meaning into their purposes and

Deregulation Of Downstream Oil And Gas Industry Business Essay

Deregulation Of Downstream Oil And Gas Industry Business Essay This study began with a historical background of deregulation, government motives and the benefits the deregulation of downstream oil and gas industry will deliver to Nigerians. The literature review provided an assessment of the opinion of two schools of thought: the opposing and the supporting group for deregulation. Their different views gave insight into the various reasons why government should or should not deregulate the industry. The purpose of the study is aimed to answer three questions: (1) What informed governments deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry and is it the only solution in Nigerias economic environment? 2) How can the government improve the implementation of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry to achieve the actual policy objective? (3) In what way can government encourage the private sector to fully participate in the downstream oil and gas deregulation exercise? In order to answer these questions, this study solicited the views of Nigerians and some industry professionals through self-administered questionnaires. Response by industry professionals addressed the perspective of strategic management, implementation, innovation and competitive forces. The response from other Nigerians addressed the perspective of effects, challenges and prospects of deregulation. By using broad theoretical approach, this study has demonstrated that a wider scope and broader assessment of the downstream oil and gas sector deregulation can be achieved. The theoretical framework has also been empirically tested through the questionnaire response and hypotheses that were carried out and it has proven to be effective in understanding the dynamics of the industrys deregulation programme. The responses provided by industry professionals answers the first question on what informed governments deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry and is it the only solution in Nigerias economic environment. The second and third questions were also answered by them. Two respondents were not in support of deregulation, while the other two were in favour of the governments deregulation programme, stressing that deregulation is the only remedy for the problems in the oil and gas industry. Their views on the implementation of deregulation, control mechanism by regulatory agencies, innovation and competitive forces shows similar response. They feel government is not implementing deregulation properly and suggested a fully deregulated downstream oil and gas sector as against the current partial deregulation where NNPC is still involved in marketing activities and fixing product prices. On the aspect of government encouraging the oil marketers to ensure the success of deregulatio n, respondent (B) suggested providing loan facilities for them while, respondent (C) felt that providing a level playing field for equity and equal participation will drive the success of deregulation. From the analyses on quantitative data which illustrate the views and opinions of 150 Nigerians on the effects, challenges and prospects of the downstream oil and gas industry deregulation, we can infer that there is no significant difference in the response in support that deregulation would deliver positive effects to Nigerians and those against. The response on if challenges in the industry will hinder the success of deregulation also indicates no significant difference between those in support and those not in support. However, the response to the prospects of deregulation shows a significant difference in support that deregulation of the sector will facilitate better economic prospects and opportunities. In conclusion, based on the responses and views of Nigerians towards the downstream oil and gas deregulation, the study findings shows that deregulation of the sector is not properly implemented by the regulatory agencies. It also shows that the sector has been transformed to become competitive and market driven. It further reveals that the sector is not fully deregulated to enable market forces determine price, rather government is still fixing petroleum product prices. The overall result indicates that Nigerians are fully in support of deregulation of the sector, believing it will deliver positive effects, reduce challenges in the sector and create better prospects and opportunities. 6.2 Recommendation The purpose of this study is to examine the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry in Nigeria. To establish this objective, an analysis was conducted to evaluate findings on the effects, challenges and prospects. The study also examined deregulation implementation, competitive forces and innovation in the industry. This study recommendation would be based on the research findings, which includes the following: The response from staff (C) as shown in the appendix, suggests that the government is yet to fully deregulate the industry and NNPC is also still involve in product importation and distribution. He argued that the intending benefits of deregulation can only be achieved if the government totally discontinues direct participation and concentrates its efforts on the regulatory role. Against this background, this study recommends that government should display seriousness in implementing complete deregulation in the sector in accordance with the original policy framework. More oil marketers should be licensed, opportunities for free entry and exist should be allowed to encourage competition, equal participation and equity should be practiced without any sacred cow and more importantly, the demand and supply mechanism should be allowed to determine prices. This is the conventional concept that is obtainable in most countries where deregulation is practiced. The need for government to encourage and support oil marketers is also recommended in order to assist them acquire loan facilities. This view is consistent with the response from respondent (A) and (B) that suggested the provision of loan schemes most especially to indigenous oil marketers to grow in the industry. They argued that if governments wants to ensure that fuel scarcity is nipped in the bud, loan facilities should be granted to them to avoid supply lapses. This view is also supported by Kolawole (2012) who observes that probe by legislators of the sector reveals that the local content policy by way of encouraging indigenous operators are not enforced as claimed by The Indigenous Ship Owners Association of Nigeria (ISOAN). The ISOAN accused the NNPC of deliberately side-lining Nigeria ship owners from lifting fuel both locally and international. The practice by NNPC will not encourage the deregulation program. A non-discriminatory system should be enforced, especially to the local oil marketers and vessel owners. Inefficiency and lack of integrity contributes largely to the major problems affecting the downstream oil and gas sector. Corruption is the main problem militating against the government policy agenda of deregulation (Auwal and Mamman, 2012). According to respondent (C) he posits that the government monitoring arm like the PPPRA, DPR NNPC and the security agents saddled with the responsibility of appraising and ensuring the success of deregulation are complete disappointment and have failed in their assigned responsibility because of their corrupt practices. This implies that government should fight corruption by ensuring that the agencies responsible for implementing and coordinating the deregulation program are monitored to ensure they discharge their jobs with integrity. Corrupt officers collaborating with fuel importing syndicates to frustrate government policies of proliferation of refineries in Nigeria should be fetched out, arrested and punished in order to serve as a deterren t to others. To maintain competitive advantage under the industrys current deregulation platform requires innovative and strategic approaches to gain market position. This view corresponds with the observation made by the industry respondents on the high competitive nature of the sector. Hence, prompting them to carry out market intelligence to have a competitive edge over their competitors. Essentially, the oil marketers should be more proactive by engaging in technological innovations, training courses, research and development in order for them to remain competitive. They should also invest in high tech facilities like oil discharge jetties, pipeline networks for oil and gas product distribution to their customers. According to Barney and Zajac (1994) competitive strategies depends significantly on firms resources and capabilities. However, if the strategies are not adopted, the capabilities are more likely to emerge during periods of turbulence and market instability. Hart (1995) also argues that innovative strategies can lead to the development of firms specific capabilities which can be a source of competitive advantage. The analysis of the downstream oil and gas industry using Porters Five forces framework shows that the threats of new entrants is low. The reason as observed by respondent A and B is that the sector is capitally intensive with the old oil marketers enjoying economies of scale and large customer loyalty. New entrants are struggling to penetrate the industry under the deregulated environment. The analysis also reveals that threats of substitute to petroleum products is low. According to respondent C there is over dependence on petroleum products in the country without any foreseeable alternative in the near future. The bargaining power of suppliers as observed by respondent A is high, NNPC is mainly the dominant importer and distributor with only few other importers participating. This study recommends that for deregulation to succeed, the government should promote alliances and mergers among the smaller marketers in the industry to enable them take market position. Government should a lso think of diversification into renewable energy sources like wind energy, tidal waves and solar energy which is in high abundance in the country. This will reduce the high demand and over dependence on petroleum products. More oil marketers should be encouraged to get involved in products importation and distribution. The refineries should also be privatized for them to function properly and discourage importation. 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Improving the Educational System Essays -- Education Teaching Learning

Improving the Educational System ï » ¿Teachers are committed to challenging all students to succeed, whatever their abilities, interests, social and cultural background, gender, prior attainment or aspirations. As future teachers, we need to know the aspects of society, so that we can ensure that each one of our students is successful and achieves his or her potential through the education provided. In this paper, I will be using the articles from the Social Class/Race and School Finance section of the class to evaluate the effects of social stratification, cultural capital, and social reproduction, school financing, and school environment. Social stratification lies at the core of society and of the discipline of sociology. Social inequality is a fundamental aspect of virtually all social processes, and a person's position in the stratification system is the most consistent predictor of his or her behavior, attitudes, and life chances. Social stratification links almost all aspects of society together, and therefore understanding what is happening to social stratification helps us understand a wide range of other changes in society. In the article â€Å"Social Class Differences In Family-School Relationships: The Importance of Cultural Capital† by Annette Laureau, summarizes a study of family-school relations and cultural capital. The results(of the study) suggest that social class position and class culture becomes a form of cultural capital in the school setting(Laureau, 1987). The families of working class lacked money, time, individual educational attainment, value of education, and high expectation on their children where as the middle-class families had all the advantages to support their children’s achievement at school. Lareau shows the effortful evidence that parents with resources will be able help their children attain much higher aspiration. This research uses the concepts of social and cultural capital to student behavior. Social capital may take the form of information-sharing channels and networks, as well as social norms, values, and expected behaviors. High status cultural signals include the attitudes, preferences, knowledge, behaviors, possessions, and credentials that function as informal academic standards, and that are generally defined by the dominant class. Individuals who lack the required cultura... ...help to improve the education these students receive. Improving the learning environment is the first step to rebuilding our inner city schools. More importantly, programs for the students and families will improve their future. The educational systems in America have many faults, but if more people become aware, things can only improve. It is hard to make any pinpoint decisions to improve the educational system because it is such a epic problem. I believe as a future teacher, I may be able change things, and with time maybe equal education for everyone won’t be just a far away dream. Bibliography: References Kozol, J.(1991). Life on the Mississippi. In Save inequalities: Children in American’s schools. New York, NY: Harper Perennial Kozol, J.(1991) Other people’s children. In Save inequalities: Children in American’s schools. New York, NY: Harper Perennial Laureau, A(1987) Social class differences in family-school relationships: The importance of cutural capital. Sociology of education, 60, 73-85 MacLeod, J. (1995). Ain’t No Makin’ It: Aspirations and attainment in a low-income neighborhood. Boulder, CO: Westview Press Revised Edition